MARINE POLLUTION

MARINE POLLUTION

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution

Marine pollution

Great pacific garbage patch

Deep Sea mining

environmental impact of shipping

Marpol 

LAW OF THE SEAS

LAW OF THE SEAS

Law of the Sea, branch of international law concerned with public order at sea
he Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.

SOURCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxoQoSlFyJ4

International seabed area

Continental shelf

Explain rights of various stakeholders on sea

Law of sea

Law of salvage

Note on high seas

What are the rights under eez

Difference between territorial waters and international waters

Innocent passage

Archipelagic waters

The international seabed area—the part under ISA jurisdiction— is defined as “the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction

According to the 1982 convention, each country’s sovereign territorial waters extend to a maximum of 12 nautical miles (22 km) beyond its coast, but foreign vessels are granted the right of innocent passage through this zone. Passage is innocent as long as a ship refrains from engaging in certain prohibited activities, including weapons testing, spying, smuggling, serious pollution, fishing, or scientific research. Where territorial waters comprise straits used for international navigation (e.g., the straits of Gibraltar, Mandeb, Hormuz, and Malacca), the navigational rights of foreign shipping are strengthened by the replacement of the regime of innocent passage by one of transit passage, which places fewer restrictions on foreign ships. A similar regime exists in major sea-lanes through the waters of archipelagos (e.g., Indonesia).

Beyond its territorial waters, every coastal country may establish an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from shore. Within the EEZ the coastal state has the right to exploit and regulate fisheries, construct artificial islands and installations, use the zone for other economic purposes (e.g., the generation of energy from waves), and regulate scientific research by foreign vessels. Otherwise, foreign vessels (and aircraft) are entitled to move freely through (and over) the zone.

With regard to the seabed beyond territorial waters, every coastal country has exclusive rights to the oil, gas, and other resources in the seabed up to 200 nautical miles from shore or to the outer edge of the continental margin, whichever is the further, subject to an overall limit of 350 nautical miles (650 km) from the coast or 100 nautical miles (185 km) beyond the 2,500-metre isobath (a line connnecting equal points of water depth). Legally, this area is known as the continental shelf, though it differs considerably from the geological definition of the continental shelf. Where the territorial waters, EEZs, or continental shelves of neighbouring countries overlap, a boundary line must be drawn by agreement to achieve an equitable solution. Many such boundaries have been agreed upon, but in some cases when the countries have been unable to reach agreement the boundary has been determined by the International Court of Justice (ICJ; e.g., the boundary between Bahrain and Qatar) or by an arbitration tribunal (e.g., the boundary between France and the United Kingdom). The most common form of boundary is an equidistance line (sometimes modified to take account of special circumstances) between the coasts concerned.

The high seas lie beyond the zones described above. The waters and airspace of this area are open to use by all countries, except for those activities prohibited by international law (e.g., the testing of nuclear weapons). The bed of the high seas is known as the International Seabed Area (also known as “the Area”), for which the 1982 convention established a separate and detailed legal regime. In its original form this regime was unacceptable to developed countries, principally because of the degree of regulation involved, and was subsequently modified extensively by a supplementary treaty (1994) to meet their concerns. Under the modified regime the minerals on the ocean floor beneath the high seas are deemed “the common heritage of mankind,” and their exploitation is administered by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Any commercial exploration or mining of the seabed is carried out by private or state concerns regulated and licensed by the ISA, though thus far only exploration has been carried out. If or when commercial mining begins, a global mining enterprise would be established and afforded sites equal in size or value to those mined by private or state companies. Fees and royalties from private and state mining concerns and any profits made by the global enterprise would be distributed to developing countries. Private mining companies are encouraged to sell their technology and technical expertise to the global enterprise and to developing countries.

On many issues the 1982 convention contains precise and detailed regulations (e.g., on innocent passage through territorial waters and the definition of the continental shelf), but on other matters (e.g., safety of shipping, pollution prevention, and fisheries conservation and management) it merely provides a framework, laying down broad principles but leaving the elaboration of rules to other treaties. Regarding the safety of shipping, detailed provisions on the safety and seaworthiness of ships, collision avoidance, and the qualification of crews are contained in several treaties adopted under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). The IMO also has adopted strict antipollution standards for ships. Pollution of the sea from other sources is regulated by several regional treaties, most of which have been adopted under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme. The broad standards for fisheries conservation in and management of the EEZ (where most fishing takes place) laid out in the 1982 convention have been supplemented by nonbinding guidelines contained in the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries adopted in 1995 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Principles of management for high seas fishers are laid down in the UN fish stocks treaty (1995), which manages straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, and in detailed measures adopted by several regional fisheries commissions.

Countries first attempt to settle any disputes stemming from the 1982 convention and its provisions through negotiations or other agreed-upon means of their choice (e.g., arbitration). If such efforts prove unsuccessful, a country may, subject to some exceptions, refer the dispute for compulsory settlement by the UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (located in Hamburg, Ger.), by arbitration, or by the ICJ. Resort to these compulsory procedures has been quite limited

SEA LEVEL CHANGE

CONTENT

1. https://geographyas.info/coasts/sea-level-change/

2.https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/17-4-sea-level-change/

TERMINOLOGIES
eustatic- glacier melt or basin change due to plate tectonics 
isostatic-amount of ice on the land, or to growth or erosion of mountains 
decompression or isostatic rebound.
Tectonic sea-level changes are local changes caused by tectonic processes. The subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath British Columbia is creating tectonic uplift (about 1 mm/year) along the western edge of Vancouver Island, although much of this uplift is likely to be reversed when the next large subduction-zone earthquake strikes

3.OCEANOGRAPHY

3.OCEANOGRAPHY

1. Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; 
2. Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, 
3. Ocean deposits; 
4. Waves, currents and tides; 
5. Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; 
6. Coral reefs, coral bleaching; 
7. sea level changes; 
8. law of the sea and marine pollution.

part 1-4 are hard,more
part 5-8 are easy, less

Waves, currents and tides

Western Boundary Currents: The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, 

Eastern Boundary Currents: The California Current System, 

Equatorial Currents, 

El Nino Southern Oscillation, 

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Currents of the Indian Ocean,

Tides and Other Waves, 

Tsunami, Seiches, Edge Waves,

Very Long Waves: The Coriolis Effect,  Kelvin Waves, 

Inertia Gravity Waves, 

Rossby Waves,

Internal Waves, 

Reduced Gravity, 230 Internal Waves in a Two-layer Ocean, 231 Internal Waves in a Stratified Ocean, 232 Tidal Forces, 234

Equilibrium and Dynamic Theory of Tides, 

Ocean Tides, 

Tidal Currents

three shallow water waves: tsunamis, seiches, and edge waves

QUESTION BANK

1. Write a note on shallow water waves
2. short notes on  tsunamis, seiches, and edge waves
3. explain in detail the currents of Indian ocean.
4. Write short note on Pelagic deposits
5. Give an account of marine resources and discuss their present day utilization. 
6. Give a reasoned account of the contents of the Atlantic Ocean and their impact
7. on the climatic conditions of the coastal regions. (87/1/3/60)
8. Write short note on Coral reefs in about 200 words. (88/1/26/20)
9. Write short note on Ocean bottom relief in about 200 words. (89/1/26/20)
10. Discuss the theories of the formation of coral reefs proposed by Daly, Darwin
11. and David. (90/1/5/60)
12. Draw a hypsographic curve to represent the major physiographic units of the ocean and comment on their permanency (91/1/4/60)
13. Give reasoned account of the distribution of salinity in the oceans and partially enclosed seas. 
14. Write short note: Food from the sea.
15. Explain and illustrate the ocean floor topography and give a detailed account of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
16. Write short note: Marine resources, biotic,
17. Examine critically the theories of the mineral and energy resources  formation of coral reefs and atolls.
18. Explain and illustrate the submarine relief of the Atlantic Ocean.
19. Write short note Submarine canyons.
20. Write short note T-S diagram.
21. Write short note Formation of coral reefs
22.  Present a concise account of bottom relief of the Indian Ocean. (03/1/4/60)
23. Discuss the mid-Atlantic Ridge in terms of its origin, extent and relief.
24. Write short note Pelagic deposits.
25. Write short note Ocean currents of Northern Atlantic Ocean 
26. Discuss the different bases for classifying the ocean deposits and give a detailed!
27. account of pelagic deposits of the oceans
28. Write short note Eustatic changes of sea level
29. Describe the ideal conditions for coral reef formation and discuss the glacial control theory of coral reef formation.
30. Examine economic significance of the resources of the Continental shelf of the Indian Ocean
31. Comment on marine heat budget and the oceanic circulation system. 
32. Write short note on Ocean deposits
33. Explain the scientifically sound methods of bathymetry and give an account of the bottom topography of the Atlantic Ocean. 
34. Write short note on Salinity patterns in Indian Ocean. 
35. "Temperature, salinity and density differences in ocean water are the prime causes of ocean water circulation." Elaborate.
36. Write short notes on different layers of ocean water above abyssal plain.
37. "Atolls present the most challenging explanation in the evolution of coral reefs", Discuss.
38. What is “Base level" Explain the types of base level. 
39. "Offshore Acoustic Study helped the development of the concept of seafloor spreading". Explain.
40. Compare the Subsidence and Glacial control theories on the formation of coral reefs.
41. Illustrate the origin and nature of Sargasso Sea and Lagoon. 
42. Give a critical account of reasons and  consequences of marine pollution
43. Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson's Report

RELIGIONS AND SECULARISATION

Secularization theory proposes that the social significance of religion necessarily declines under conditions of modernity
fundamental importance of religious pluralism: over and above the more usually considered religious practice. It is shown that to pay conceptual and methodological attention to religious pluralism is to help explain the geography of religious practice


four contemporary global shifts AND how it relates to secularisation i.e is decreasing impacts of religion.
(growing urbanization and social inequality, deteriorating environments, ageing populations, and increasing human mobilities), the ways in which religion shapes human response to them, and the implications for new research agendas.

proselytic religion. A religion whose membership is in theory open to individuals of any background and that spreads in part through proselytism, or efforts to attract converts into the faith.

ethnic religion. A religion whose membership is generally limited to individuals who share a particular ethnic identity



Kumbh Mela. A major Hindu pilgrimage cycle, completed every twelve years, made up of individual pilgrimages every three years to one of a sequence of four sacred cities on four sacred rivers which, at the time of a pilgrimage, become transformed in Hindu belief into a divine nectar spilled during a primeval battle between gods and demons.

ghat. Riverside steps that provide a context for Hindu rites alongside a sacred watetway, including ritual bathing and cremation of the dead.
(Space and belief are interwoven- a ritual performed at specific river bank gets full filled.) 

the spatial dynamics of religious distributions; 
(2) the contextuality of religious belief and practice; 
(3) religious territoriality in secular space; and 
(4) the meanings and uses of sacred space.


explain 
Secular space
Religious space
Religious hearth- indic region and semetic region

Spatial change
by migration- incidental diffusion , persecution and discrimaination
by conversion- by missionary activity(eg north east india) , religious hegemony,

links- 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_geography
The Geography of Religion Faith, Place, and Space RoGER W. STuMP

permaculture

Knowledge Base:

The term permaculture was developed and coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren. The word permaculture originally referred to "permanent agriculture", but was expanded to stand also for "permanent culture", as it was understood that social aspects were integral to a truly sustainable system. Permaculture has 12 design principles articulated by David Holmgren in his Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability Observe and interact: By taking time to engage with nature we can design solutions that suit our particular situation. Catch and store energy: By developing systems that collect resources at peak abundance, we can use them in times of need. Obtain a yield: Ensure that you are getting truly useful rewards as part of the work that you are doing. Apply self-regulation and accept feedback: We need to discourage inappropriate activity to ensure that systems can continue to function well. Use and value renewable resources and services: Make the best use of nature's abundance to reduce our consumptive behavior and dependence on non-renewable resources. Produce no waste: By valuing and making use of all the resources that are available to us, nothing goes to waste. Design from patterns to details: By stepping back, we can observe patterns in nature and society. These can form the backbone of our designs, with the details filled in as we go. Integrate rather than segregate: By putting the right things in the right place, relationships develop between those things and they work together to support each other. Use small and slow solutions: Small and slow systems are easier to maintain than big ones, making better use of local resources and producing more sustainable outcomes. Use and value diversity: Diversity reduces vulnerability to a variety of threats and takes advantage of the unique nature of the environment in which it resides. Use edges and value the marginal: The interface between things is where the most interesting events take place. These are often the most valuable, diverse and productive elements in the system. Creatively use and respond to change: We can have a positive impact on inevitable change by carefully observing, and then intervening at the right time.

MODERN HISTORY - INC SESSIONS

BASICS
In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among different parts of the country. The President was to belong to a region other than where the Congress session was being
held.

1885- BOMBAY SESSION - WC BANERJEE
The Indian Association organised an All-India National Conference and gave a call for another one in December 1885. Surendranath Banerjea, who was involved in the All-India National Conference, could not for that reason attend the founding session of the National Congress in 1885.

1888- ALLAHABAD SESSION- GEORGE YULE
 To reach out to the followers of all religions and to remove the fears of the minorities a rule was made at the 1888 session that no resolution was to be passed to which an overwhelming majority of Hindu or Muslim delegates objected.

1905- BANARAS SESSION - GK GOKHALE
The Indian National Congress took up the Swadeshi call and the Banaras Session, 1905, presided over by G.K. Gokhale,
supporter the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement for Bengal


1906- CALCUTTA SESSION - DADABAI NAOROJI
The Calcutta Session of INC was held under the Presidentship of Dada Bhai Naroji.The session was held in the background of Anti Partition Movement and Swadeshi Movement.
In this session INC has passed four resolutions namely-
 Swadeshi
 Swaraj
 Boycott
 National Education.

Swaraj was declared as the goal of the Congress at its session held in 1906 at calcutta session

1928- CALCUTTA SESSION - M.NEHRU
The Nehru report confined itself to British India, as it envisaged the future
link up of British India with the Princely states on a federal basis.
o Nehru report was approved in the Calcutta session of Congress, December 1928. But the younger sections of Congress led by Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhash Bose were opposed the report as they were not statisfied with the dominion status as the goal of Congress. Instead they demanded complete
independence as a goal of Congress.

1929- LAHORE SESSION - J.NEHRU
The Lahore session of the Congress gave voice to the new militant spirit. It passed a resolution
declaring Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) to be Congress objective. On 31st December 1929
newly adopted tricolor flag was hoisted. 26th January fixed as first Independence Day, which was to be celebrated every year. Launching of civil disobedience movement was also announced here, however it did not draw up a programme of struggle as it was left to Gandhi ji.



1931 - KARACHI SESSION- VALLABHBHAI PATEL
The Congress met at Karachi on 29 March 1931 to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin or Delhi Pact.
The session became memorable for its resolution on
Fundamental Rights and
the National Economic Programme.

http://glimpsesofhistory.com/karachi-session-inc-1931/

1937- Faizpur- J.L.Nehru 

1. first session in a village
2. The Faizpur Session of the Indian National Congress was held in December 1936.
3. Here a resolution to draw all India agrarian programme passed. It reiterated that the most important and urgent problem of country is appalling poverty, unemployment and indebtedness of farmers.
4. As an interim measure a 13 point programs was passed which suggested recognition of peasant unions. However, it was not associated with the establishment of All India Kisan Sabha, which was formed under presidentship of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati in the same year

Circumstances at the time of Election

As per the Congress, the act had more enemies than friends. In words of J L Nehru, it had all brakes not engine. The Federal provisions had already been condemned by all the political parties including the Congress and the Muslim League.

• The Only parties to declare themselves in favor of the working of the Act of 1935, both in the provinces and the Central were —National Liberal Federation and Hindu Mahasabha.
  In due course of time, the urge to fight the elections grew among them Congressmen. In 1936, When Congress met at Faizpur, the president of the session was Jawahar Lal Nehru. He said that
  “there was no choice but to contest the elections as it would educate the masses on the political policies and economic programmes of the party”.
  In the Faizpur session, there was a general opposition to the proposed federal portion, safeguards and Governor General’s overriding powers. So, the resolution of the congress was “not to submit to this constitution or to cooperate with it, but to combat it both inside and outside the legislatures so that it can be ended.”
  But the provincial portion of the act was accepted. The Congress launched the Election campaign and in its manifesto the top thing was “A demand for the Constituent Assembly“.
  In the same year 1936, Jinnah was elected president of the Muslim League. Thus the Muslim league which was up till now was in moribund state got a fresh lease of life. The Muslim league appointed a Central parliamentary board to direct the elections

1938-Haripura Session - SC. BOSE

First Published: October 25, 2011 | Last Updated:November 22, 2013

By 1938, Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose had emerged as candid spokespersons of the Congress. By the same time, Congress had divided among two groups based upon the ideology. One was the conservative group and another was radical. During this period, Gandhi remained almost retired from the active politics and took the job of upliftment of the Harijans.

• Babu Subash Chandra Bose was very critical to the ideology of compromise of Gandhi.
  In the midst of the violence and non-violence, in the midst of new developments of the socialist ideology, in the midst of the subdued resentment against the Congress ministries which had become slow in their progress towards independence and in the midst of the conflict of ideologies, Congress met at Vitthal Nagar Haripua from 19th 21st February 1938. President of this Congress was Subhash Chandra Bose. He outlined his policy as follows:
  ” My term of office as the Congress President will be devoted to resist the unwanted federal scheme will all the peaceful and legitimate powers, including non violence and non cooperation if necessary and to strengthen the country’s determination to resist this scheme”.
  Bose had the idea of developing the power of resistance among the people of India as to make the British Government abandon the idea of forcing the federal scheme down the throats of Indians.
  But it was this 1938 Haripura session when the differences between Gandhi and Bose surfaced over their attitudes towards the Great Britain. Subhash Chandra Bose was against the plan of the British to drag India into the Second World War. He was aware of the political instability of Britain and wanted to take advantage of it, rather than wait for the British to grant independence. Which is evident from his statement : Britain’s Peril is India’s Opportunity.
  In this session, under Bose, a resolution was passed.
• As per Haripura resolution, Britain was given 6 months ultimatum to the British, failing to which there will be a revolt.
  But this was something Gandhi could not digest. Subhash did not endorse the nonviolence and Satyagraha tactics of Gandhi to throw the British away. The result was that there was a great divide between Gandhi and Bose. Similarly, Nehru also fell apart from Bose.
• This variance grew further when Subhash Chandra Bose organized National Planning Committee.
• National Planning Committee was the Forerunner of India’s Planning Commission. The idea was to draw a comprehensive plan for economic development of India on the basis of Industrialization. It was against the Charkha policy of Gandhi.

1939-  Tripuri Session -SC.BOSE

First Published: October 25, 2011 | Last Updated:November 22, 2013

The British Government was keen on Bose taking interest in the Axis Powers and the developing Gandhi Bose strife. In December 1938, Bose had a meeting with two representatives of the German Nazi Party. Here, Bose told the Nazis that the Hitler regime must stop insulting the Indians. In India, Nazis were not liked because of their deeds of extinguishing the democracy, eliminating the socialist ideas.

For the 1939 elections of the President of Congress, Subhash announced his candidature knowing that he would be opposed. By this time, Nehru was on a long holiday in Europe. When he returned in 1938, Gandhi suggested him to announce his name as a candidate. But he declined and suggested the name of Maulana Azad. But Maulana Azad withdrew his name and then new name came up was of Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, an Andhra leader. But Subhash was not sure of his win. The result was declared on January 29, 1939 and Subhash secured 1580 Votes. Sitaramaya got 1377 votes, thus Subhash winning by a narrow but clear margin.

• But the defeat of Sitaramayya was taken by Gandhi as a personal blow. He said ”
  … I am glad of his (Subhash’s) victory….and since I was instrumental in inducing Dr. Pattabhi not to withdraw his name after Maulana Azad Sahib done so, the defeat is more mine than his….”.
  Gandhi said that Bose was president in his own right. He should form his own working committee and run the congress. Gandhi said that
  “…after all Subhash Babu is not the enemy of our country…he has suffered for it”. In His opinion, his is the most forward and boldest policy and programme….the minority can only wish him all the best”..
  We see, that Gandhi in a characteristic way had declared a “personal” war against Bose. Actually, Gandhi meticulously started planning to destroy Subhash, who was now the most serious challenge to his ideology and superiority. Gandhi, whom we today cherish as Father of the Nation, planned his moves against Subhash with utmost care.
  The constitution of Congress did not provide for the removal of the President and the delegates vote was something which could not be reversed. The Congress Working committee was still controlled by the followers of Gandhi. Thus , Subhash might reign but could not rule.
  In March 1939, Congress met at annual session at Tripuri near Jabalpur.
  Prior to this session, Bose fell ill (which may be a psychological reaction to the stress) just before February 20-21, when a meeting of Congress Working Committee was held in Wardha. Subhash was unable to reach and so sent a telegram to Patel to postpone the meeting of working committee till the annual session. He had also sent a telegram to Gandhi to nominate the working committee as his wish, but strangely Gandhi DID NOT SUGGEST any name.
  But this telegram hurt the congressmen. They said that this demonstrates Subhash’s dictatorial ambition, who does not want the congress to do the normal business in his absence. The result was that Patel and other 11 members resigned from the Working Committee. Earlier, Bose had described the followers of Gandhi as of low intellectual level. The members of Congress wanted Subhash to apologize for the slur. He refused.
  In this session, when Subhash was brought to the dais on stretcher, one of the congressmen fanned “Why don’t you check whether he has any onions under his armpits” (Onions when kept under armpits raise the temperature of the body).
  Such was the disastrous division between Subhash and Gandhi & his followers. Next Month, Subhash resigned from Congress and now he was on an entirely different path. The place was filled by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.