MARINE POLLUTION

MARINE POLLUTION

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution

Marine pollution

Great pacific garbage patch

Deep Sea mining

environmental impact of shipping

Marpol 

LAW OF THE SEAS

LAW OF THE SEAS

Law of the Sea, branch of international law concerned with public order at sea
he Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.

SOURCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxoQoSlFyJ4

International seabed area

Continental shelf

Explain rights of various stakeholders on sea

Law of sea

Law of salvage

Note on high seas

What are the rights under eez

Difference between territorial waters and international waters

Innocent passage

Archipelagic waters

The international seabed area—the part under ISA jurisdiction— is defined as “the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction

According to the 1982 convention, each country’s sovereign territorial waters extend to a maximum of 12 nautical miles (22 km) beyond its coast, but foreign vessels are granted the right of innocent passage through this zone. Passage is innocent as long as a ship refrains from engaging in certain prohibited activities, including weapons testing, spying, smuggling, serious pollution, fishing, or scientific research. Where territorial waters comprise straits used for international navigation (e.g., the straits of Gibraltar, Mandeb, Hormuz, and Malacca), the navigational rights of foreign shipping are strengthened by the replacement of the regime of innocent passage by one of transit passage, which places fewer restrictions on foreign ships. A similar regime exists in major sea-lanes through the waters of archipelagos (e.g., Indonesia).

Beyond its territorial waters, every coastal country may establish an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from shore. Within the EEZ the coastal state has the right to exploit and regulate fisheries, construct artificial islands and installations, use the zone for other economic purposes (e.g., the generation of energy from waves), and regulate scientific research by foreign vessels. Otherwise, foreign vessels (and aircraft) are entitled to move freely through (and over) the zone.

With regard to the seabed beyond territorial waters, every coastal country has exclusive rights to the oil, gas, and other resources in the seabed up to 200 nautical miles from shore or to the outer edge of the continental margin, whichever is the further, subject to an overall limit of 350 nautical miles (650 km) from the coast or 100 nautical miles (185 km) beyond the 2,500-metre isobath (a line connnecting equal points of water depth). Legally, this area is known as the continental shelf, though it differs considerably from the geological definition of the continental shelf. Where the territorial waters, EEZs, or continental shelves of neighbouring countries overlap, a boundary line must be drawn by agreement to achieve an equitable solution. Many such boundaries have been agreed upon, but in some cases when the countries have been unable to reach agreement the boundary has been determined by the International Court of Justice (ICJ; e.g., the boundary between Bahrain and Qatar) or by an arbitration tribunal (e.g., the boundary between France and the United Kingdom). The most common form of boundary is an equidistance line (sometimes modified to take account of special circumstances) between the coasts concerned.

The high seas lie beyond the zones described above. The waters and airspace of this area are open to use by all countries, except for those activities prohibited by international law (e.g., the testing of nuclear weapons). The bed of the high seas is known as the International Seabed Area (also known as “the Area”), for which the 1982 convention established a separate and detailed legal regime. In its original form this regime was unacceptable to developed countries, principally because of the degree of regulation involved, and was subsequently modified extensively by a supplementary treaty (1994) to meet their concerns. Under the modified regime the minerals on the ocean floor beneath the high seas are deemed “the common heritage of mankind,” and their exploitation is administered by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Any commercial exploration or mining of the seabed is carried out by private or state concerns regulated and licensed by the ISA, though thus far only exploration has been carried out. If or when commercial mining begins, a global mining enterprise would be established and afforded sites equal in size or value to those mined by private or state companies. Fees and royalties from private and state mining concerns and any profits made by the global enterprise would be distributed to developing countries. Private mining companies are encouraged to sell their technology and technical expertise to the global enterprise and to developing countries.

On many issues the 1982 convention contains precise and detailed regulations (e.g., on innocent passage through territorial waters and the definition of the continental shelf), but on other matters (e.g., safety of shipping, pollution prevention, and fisheries conservation and management) it merely provides a framework, laying down broad principles but leaving the elaboration of rules to other treaties. Regarding the safety of shipping, detailed provisions on the safety and seaworthiness of ships, collision avoidance, and the qualification of crews are contained in several treaties adopted under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). The IMO also has adopted strict antipollution standards for ships. Pollution of the sea from other sources is regulated by several regional treaties, most of which have been adopted under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme. The broad standards for fisheries conservation in and management of the EEZ (where most fishing takes place) laid out in the 1982 convention have been supplemented by nonbinding guidelines contained in the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries adopted in 1995 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Principles of management for high seas fishers are laid down in the UN fish stocks treaty (1995), which manages straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, and in detailed measures adopted by several regional fisheries commissions.

Countries first attempt to settle any disputes stemming from the 1982 convention and its provisions through negotiations or other agreed-upon means of their choice (e.g., arbitration). If such efforts prove unsuccessful, a country may, subject to some exceptions, refer the dispute for compulsory settlement by the UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (located in Hamburg, Ger.), by arbitration, or by the ICJ. Resort to these compulsory procedures has been quite limited

SEA LEVEL CHANGE

CONTENT

1. https://geographyas.info/coasts/sea-level-change/

2.https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/17-4-sea-level-change/

TERMINOLOGIES
eustatic- glacier melt or basin change due to plate tectonics 
isostatic-amount of ice on the land, or to growth or erosion of mountains 
decompression or isostatic rebound.
Tectonic sea-level changes are local changes caused by tectonic processes. The subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath British Columbia is creating tectonic uplift (about 1 mm/year) along the western edge of Vancouver Island, although much of this uplift is likely to be reversed when the next large subduction-zone earthquake strikes

3.OCEANOGRAPHY

3.OCEANOGRAPHY

1. Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; 
2. Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, 
3. Ocean deposits; 
4. Waves, currents and tides; 
5. Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; 
6. Coral reefs, coral bleaching; 
7. sea level changes; 
8. law of the sea and marine pollution.

part 1-4 are hard,more
part 5-8 are easy, less

Waves, currents and tides

Western Boundary Currents: The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, 

Eastern Boundary Currents: The California Current System, 

Equatorial Currents, 

El Nino Southern Oscillation, 

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Currents of the Indian Ocean,

Tides and Other Waves, 

Tsunami, Seiches, Edge Waves,

Very Long Waves: The Coriolis Effect,  Kelvin Waves, 

Inertia Gravity Waves, 

Rossby Waves,

Internal Waves, 

Reduced Gravity, 230 Internal Waves in a Two-layer Ocean, 231 Internal Waves in a Stratified Ocean, 232 Tidal Forces, 234

Equilibrium and Dynamic Theory of Tides, 

Ocean Tides, 

Tidal Currents

three shallow water waves: tsunamis, seiches, and edge waves

QUESTION BANK

1. Write a note on shallow water waves
2. short notes on  tsunamis, seiches, and edge waves
3. explain in detail the currents of Indian ocean.
4. Write short note on Pelagic deposits
5. Give an account of marine resources and discuss their present day utilization. 
6. Give a reasoned account of the contents of the Atlantic Ocean and their impact
7. on the climatic conditions of the coastal regions. (87/1/3/60)
8. Write short note on Coral reefs in about 200 words. (88/1/26/20)
9. Write short note on Ocean bottom relief in about 200 words. (89/1/26/20)
10. Discuss the theories of the formation of coral reefs proposed by Daly, Darwin
11. and David. (90/1/5/60)
12. Draw a hypsographic curve to represent the major physiographic units of the ocean and comment on their permanency (91/1/4/60)
13. Give reasoned account of the distribution of salinity in the oceans and partially enclosed seas. 
14. Write short note: Food from the sea.
15. Explain and illustrate the ocean floor topography and give a detailed account of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
16. Write short note: Marine resources, biotic,
17. Examine critically the theories of the mineral and energy resources  formation of coral reefs and atolls.
18. Explain and illustrate the submarine relief of the Atlantic Ocean.
19. Write short note Submarine canyons.
20. Write short note T-S diagram.
21. Write short note Formation of coral reefs
22.  Present a concise account of bottom relief of the Indian Ocean. (03/1/4/60)
23. Discuss the mid-Atlantic Ridge in terms of its origin, extent and relief.
24. Write short note Pelagic deposits.
25. Write short note Ocean currents of Northern Atlantic Ocean 
26. Discuss the different bases for classifying the ocean deposits and give a detailed!
27. account of pelagic deposits of the oceans
28. Write short note Eustatic changes of sea level
29. Describe the ideal conditions for coral reef formation and discuss the glacial control theory of coral reef formation.
30. Examine economic significance of the resources of the Continental shelf of the Indian Ocean
31. Comment on marine heat budget and the oceanic circulation system. 
32. Write short note on Ocean deposits
33. Explain the scientifically sound methods of bathymetry and give an account of the bottom topography of the Atlantic Ocean. 
34. Write short note on Salinity patterns in Indian Ocean. 
35. "Temperature, salinity and density differences in ocean water are the prime causes of ocean water circulation." Elaborate.
36. Write short notes on different layers of ocean water above abyssal plain.
37. "Atolls present the most challenging explanation in the evolution of coral reefs", Discuss.
38. What is “Base level" Explain the types of base level. 
39. "Offshore Acoustic Study helped the development of the concept of seafloor spreading". Explain.
40. Compare the Subsidence and Glacial control theories on the formation of coral reefs.
41. Illustrate the origin and nature of Sargasso Sea and Lagoon. 
42. Give a critical account of reasons and  consequences of marine pollution
43. Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson's Report

RELIGIONS AND SECULARISATION

Secularization theory proposes that the social significance of religion necessarily declines under conditions of modernity
fundamental importance of religious pluralism: over and above the more usually considered religious practice. It is shown that to pay conceptual and methodological attention to religious pluralism is to help explain the geography of religious practice


four contemporary global shifts AND how it relates to secularisation i.e is decreasing impacts of religion.
(growing urbanization and social inequality, deteriorating environments, ageing populations, and increasing human mobilities), the ways in which religion shapes human response to them, and the implications for new research agendas.

proselytic religion. A religion whose membership is in theory open to individuals of any background and that spreads in part through proselytism, or efforts to attract converts into the faith.

ethnic religion. A religion whose membership is generally limited to individuals who share a particular ethnic identity



Kumbh Mela. A major Hindu pilgrimage cycle, completed every twelve years, made up of individual pilgrimages every three years to one of a sequence of four sacred cities on four sacred rivers which, at the time of a pilgrimage, become transformed in Hindu belief into a divine nectar spilled during a primeval battle between gods and demons.

ghat. Riverside steps that provide a context for Hindu rites alongside a sacred watetway, including ritual bathing and cremation of the dead.
(Space and belief are interwoven- a ritual performed at specific river bank gets full filled.) 

the spatial dynamics of religious distributions; 
(2) the contextuality of religious belief and practice; 
(3) religious territoriality in secular space; and 
(4) the meanings and uses of sacred space.


explain 
Secular space
Religious space
Religious hearth- indic region and semetic region

Spatial change
by migration- incidental diffusion , persecution and discrimaination
by conversion- by missionary activity(eg north east india) , religious hegemony,

links- 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_geography
The Geography of Religion Faith, Place, and Space RoGER W. STuMP