Arunachal Pradesh
Established 20 February 1987
Capital Itanagar
Largest city Itanagar
Districts 23
Legislature Unicameral (60 seats)
Parliamentary constituency
Rajya Sabha 1
Lok Sabha 2
High Court Guwahati High Court - Itanagar Bench
State symbols of Arunachal Pradesh
Animal Bos frontalis (The gayal (Bos frontalis), also known as mithun, is a large domestic bovine distributed in Northeast India, Bangladesh, northern Myanmar and in Yunnan, China.)
Bird Hornbill (Due to habitat loss and hunting in some areas, the great hornbill is evaluated as near threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is listed in Appendix I of CITES.)( The great hornbill is the state bird of Chin State in Myanmar, and of Kerala and Arunachal in India.)
Flower Foxtail orchid (Rhynchostylis retusa (also called foxtail orchid) is an exotic blooming orchid, belonging to the Vanda alliance. The inflorescence is a pendant raceme, consisting of more than 100 pink-spotted white flowers. The plant has a short, stout, creeping stem carrying up to 12, curved, fleshy, deeply channeled, keeled, retuse apically leaves and blooms on an axillary pendant to 60 cm (24 in) long, racemose, densely flowered, cylindrical inflorescence that occurs in the winter and early spring. It is famous for its use as an hair-ornament worn by Assamese women during folk dance Bihu on the onset of spring)
Tree Hollong
Arunachal Pradesh
2. A major part of the state is claimed by the Republic of China, and the People's Republic of China referring to it as "South Tibet".
3. The major part of the state which is claimed by China, was temporarily occupied by Chinese forces during the 1962 war
5. It is also known as the Orchid State of India or the Paradise of the Botanists.
7. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old Tawang Monastery in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people.
The main archeological sites of the state include
· Dirang Dzong, West Kameng (built by Monpha in the 17th century)
· Dimachung-Betali, West Kameng (built in the 13th century)
· Tezu Fort, Tezu (built by Chutia kings in the 13th century)
· Bolung Fort, Bolung (built by Chutia kings in the 13th century)
· Rukmini Fort, Roing (built by Chutia kings in the 13th century)
· Naksha Parbat ruins, East Kameng (built by Chutia kings in the 14th century)
Drawing of McMahon line
In 1913–1914 representatives of China, Tibet and Britain met in India ending with the Simla Accord with Tibetan and British representatives agreeing on the McMahon Line.[16] However, the Chinese representatives refused the territory negotiation.
This treaty's objective was to define the borders between Inner and Outer Tibet as well as between Outer Tibet and British India. British administrator, Sir Henry McMahon, drew up the 550 miles (890 km) McMahon Line as the border between British India and Outer Tibet during the Simla Conference.
The Tibetan and British representatives at the conference agreed to the line, and Tawang and other areas ceded to the British Empire, since the British were not able to get an acceptance from China, Chinese considered the McMahon line invalid.[12] The Chinese representative refused to accept the agreement and walked out.
The Tibetan and British governments went ahead with the Simla Agreement and declared that the benefits of other articles of this treaty would not be bestowed on China as long as it stays out of the purview.[17]Tibet administered its territory until 1950. The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China: Tibet could not have independently signed treaties, and per the Anglo-Chinese (1906) and Anglo-Russian (1907) conventions, any such agreement was invalid without Chinese assent.[18]
However, with the collapse of Chinese power in Tibet, the line had no serious challenges as Tibet had signed the convention. In 1935, a Deputy Secretary in the Foreign Department Olaf Caroe "discovered" that McMahon Line was not drawn on official maps. The Survey of Indiapublished a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937.[19]
In 1938, the British finally published the Simla Convention as a bilateral accord two decades after the Simla Conference; in 1938 the Survey of India published a detailed map showing Tawang as part of North-East Frontier Agency. In 1944 Britain established administrations in the area from Dirang Dzong in the west to Walong in the east.
The situation developed further as India became independent in 1947 and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949. In November 1950, with the PRC poised to take over Tibet by force, India showed support for the Tibetan government to some extent irking the Chinese government. The McMahon Line was considered invalid by the Chinese government.[12] Journalist Sudha Ramachandran argued that China claims Tawang on behalf of Tibetans and Tibetans are not claiming Tawang to be Tibetan territory.[20]
The Dalai Lama was upset over Mao's "Cultural Revolution" which affected Tibet seriously. In January 2007, he said that in 1914 both the Tibetan government and Britain recognized the McMahon Line.[21] In 2008, he said that "Arunchal Pradesh was a part of India under the agreement signed by Tibetan and British representatives".[22]According to the Dalai Lama, "In 1962 during the India-China war, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary".[23]
The NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency) was created in 1954. The issue was quiet for nearly a decade, with a period of cordial Sino-Indian relations, but its resurgence in 1960 was a factor leading to the Sino-Indian border conflict of 1962. During the war in 1962, China captured most of the area of Arunachal Pradesh. However, China soon declared victory, withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963. It is believed by some commentators that Mao wanted to intimidate India for its continued support of the Dalai Lama, and for its stance on Tibet being an independent state and not a Chinese territory. There was a significant influx of Tibetan refugees into India, primarily to Dharamshala in North India.
The war resulted in the termination of barter trade with Tibet, although since 2007 the Indian government has shown signs of wanting to resume barter trade.[24]
Tawang
In recent years, China has occasionally made statements in conjunction with its claims on Tawang. India has rebutted these claims by the Chinese government and the Indian Prime Minister has informed the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India. India reiterated this to the Chinese prime minister when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009. It was reported that during 2016, the Chinese Army had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh. This was refuted by the Minister of State for Home Affairs, Kiren Rijiju.[25] Later, in April 2017, a publicized visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama (and an earlier visit by the US ambassador to India) was strongly objected to by China and is thought to have strained Indo-China relations.[26] China has previously also objected to the Dalai Lama's visits to the area.[27]
NEFA was renamed as Arunachal Pradesh by Sri Bibhabasu Das Shastri, the then Director of Research and K.A.A. Raja, the then Chief Commissioner of Arunachal Pradesh on 20 January 1972, and it became a Union Territory. Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987.
More recently, Arunachal Pradesh has come to face threats from certain insurgent groups, notably the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and Tirap.[28] These groups intend to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and want to merge a few territories of Arunachal Pradesh into Nagaland.
Especially along the Tibetan border, the Indian army has a considerable presence due to concerns about Chinese intentions in the region. Special permits called Inner Line Permits (ILP) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with Assam. China renamed six places in Arunachal Pradesh in 2017 and since then these new names started to appear in Chinese maps.
A kettle lake at Se La in Tawang district.( A kettle (kettle hole, pothole) is a shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters. The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of ice calving from glaciers and becoming submerged in the sediment on the outwash plain. )
The topography rapidly rises to 7000 m at its highest peak. Kangte, Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen peak and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas.
Numerous river valleys dissect the precipitous terrain of Arunachal. Some of the major rivers are Kameng, Subansiri, Siang, Dibang, Lohit and Noa-Dihing rivers. Mountains till the Siang river are classified under the Eastern Himalayas mountain range. Between the Siang river and the Noa-Dihing river is classified as the Mishmi Hills that may be part of the Hengduan Shan, but the true extents of these mountains is unclear. South of the Noa-Dihing in Tirap and Longding districts, these mountains are parts of the Patkai Range. The rivers are fed by immense abundance of forest cover that absorb moisture and transfer it to subsurface flows. Summer melt water from snow caps also contribute to the volume of water.
Either or both Dong Basti and Vijaynagar basti in Arunachal Pradesh receives the first morning sun rays in the entire country, as the easternmost village of the country. The mountain ranges in Arunachal Pradesh are described as "the place where the sun rises" in historical Indian texts and named the Aruna Mountains.
Climate
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low altitude 100 – 1500 m) have a Humid subtropical climate. High altitude and very high altitude areas (3500 – 5500 m) have a subtropical highland climate and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives 2,000 to 5,000 millimetres (79 to 197 in) of rainfall annually,[30] 70 - 80% obtained between May and October.
Biodiversity
In the year 2000 Arunachal Pradesh was covered with 63,093 km2 of tree cover[31] (77% of its land area). Arunachal's forests account for one-third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot-spot.[32] In 2013, 31,273 km2 of Arunachal's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests (65,730 km2, including forests in Myanmar, China and Bhutan) known as Intact Forest Landscapes.[33] It harbours over 5000 plants, about 85 terrestrial mammals, over 500 birds and a large number of butterflies, insects and reptiles.[34] At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with Assam, are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests. Toward the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. It supports a large number of medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants.[35] The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron, oak, pine, maple and fir.[36]
Economy
Arunachal Pradesh's gross state domestic product was estimated at US$706 million at current prices in 2004 and US$1.75 billion at current prices in 2012. Agriculture primarily drives the economy. Jhum, the local term used for shifting cultivation is being widely practised among the tribal groups, though owing to the gradual growth of other sources of income in the recent years, it is not being practised as prominently as it was earlier. Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 square kilometres of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts. Sawmills and plywood trades are prohibited under law.[37] There are many saw mills in AP.[38]
Arunachal Pradesh accounts for a large percentage share of India's untapped hydroelectric potential. In 2008, the government of Arunachal Pradesh signed numerous memorandum of understanding with various companies planning some 42 hydroelectric schemes that will produce electricity in excess of 27,000 MW.[39] Construction of the Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project, which is expected to generate between 10,000 and 12,000 MW, began in April 2009
· shifting cultivation
· horticulture and fruit orchards
· hydroelectric potential. The Union government had categorised Small Hydropower projects as a priority sector and was looking to declare projects less than 100 MW as renewable energy projects.
· Currently, small hydropower projects less than 25 MW are eligible for benefits for renewable energy that include cheap financing and a promised assured off-take of power.
· Sherdukpen shawls and Mishmi shawls are some of the notable products of this area.
· Woodcarving is also very famous here.
Arunachal Pradesh can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion and material culture: the Tibetic area bordering Bhutan in the west, the Tani area in the centre of the state, the Mishmi area to the east of the Tani area, the Tai/Singpho/Tangsa area bordering Myanmar, and the "Naga" area to the south, which also borders Myanmar. In between there are transition zones, such as the Aka/Hruso/Miji/Sherdukpen area, which provides a "buffer" of sorts between the Tibetan Buddhist tribes and the animist Tani hill tribes. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung.
Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within the Tani area, major tribes include the Nyishi. Apatani also live among the Nyishi, but are distinct. In the centre, one finds predominantly Galo people, with the major sub-groups of Karka, Lodu, Bogum, Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the Adi with many subtribes including Padam, Pasi, Minyong and Bokar, among others. Milang, while also falling within the general "Adi" sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the Idu, Miju and Digaru make up the "Mishmi" cultural-linguistic area, which may or may not form a coherent historical grouping.
Moving southeast, the Tai Khamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes. They follow the Theravada sect of Buddhism. They also exhibit considerable convergence with the Singpho and Tangsa tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. The Khamptis and Singphos have a huge demographic presence even in the neighbouring state of Assam, in places viz. Naharkatiya, Narayanpur of Lakhimpur districts of Assam. They one of the most recent people group migrated to Arunachal region from Burma and Assam. The Nocte and Wancho are another two major ethnic tribes. Both the tribes exhibit very much cultural similarities. Finally the Deori tribe is also a major community in the state, with their own distinctive identity. The Deoris are one of the only Arunachal tribe in the historical records-which shows they are among the first ethnic groups to inhabit the Himalayas of the districts of Dibang Valley and Lohit, before the arrival of other many tribes in the region between 1600 and 1900.
Buddhism is practised by 13% of the population. Shown here is a statue of the Buddha in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.
Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. The number of literate males is 454,532 (73.69%) and the number of literate females is 335,411 (59.57%).[42]
The Gallongs, the Adis, Apatanis, Nishis of this land of the Rising Sun embrace a religion that eulogises nature. The followers worship the Sun and the Moon - the Donyi Polo, literally meaning the Sun-Moon. Sun, the male energy and the Moon, the female energy, watch over the supreme Gods Bo and Bomang.
Other (0.84%)
Languages
Adi (17.57%)
Air
Itanagar Airport, a Greenfield project serving Itanagar is being planned at Holongi at a cost of Rs. 6.50 billion.[54]The existing state owned Daporijo Airport, Ziro Airport, Along Airport, Tezu Airport and Pasighat Airport are small and are not in operation. The government has proposed to operationalise these airports.[55] Before the state was connected by roads, these airstrips were originally used for the transportation of food.
Railway
Arunachal Pradesh got its first railway line in late 2013 with the opening of the new link line from Harmuti on the main Rangpara North-Murkongselak railway line to Naharlagun in Arunachal Pradesh. The construction of the 33 kilometre 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge railway line was completed in 2012, and the link became operational after the gauge conversion of the main line from Assam. The state capital Itanagar was added to the Indian railway map on 12 April 2014 via the newly built 20 kilometre Harmuti-Naharlagun railway line, when a train from Dekargaon in Assam reached Naharlagun railway station, 10 kilometres from the centre of Itanagar, a total distance of 181 kilometres.[68][69]
On 20 February 2015 the first through train was run from New Delhi to Naharlagun, flagged off from the capital by the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi. India plans to eventually extend the railway to Tawang, near the border with China.[70]
Education
The state government is expanding the relatively underdeveloped education system with the assistance of NGOs like Vivekananda Kendra, leading to a sharp improvement in the state's literacy rate. The main universities are the Rajiv Gandhi University (formerly known as Arunachal University), under which come 36 institutions offering regular undergraduate courses as well as teacher education and health sciences and nursing degrees, both under governmental and private managements, Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University and Himalayan University[71] as well. The first college, Jawaharlal Nehru College, Pasighat, was established in 1964. The First Technical University is Established in 2014 namely North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU). In Aalo, West Siang District by The Automobile Society India, New Delhi. There is also a deemed university, the North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology as well as the National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, established on 18 August 2010, is located in Yupia (headquarter of Itanagar).[72]NERIST plays an important role in technical and management higher education. The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states.
Of the above institutions, only the following institutions are accredited by NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council), in the order of their grade: Jawaharlal Nehru College, Pasighat (Grade A), St Claret College, Ziro (Grade A), Indira Gandhi Govt. College, Tezu (Grade B++), Rajiv Gandhi University (Grade B), National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh (Grade B), Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar (Grade B), Govt. College, Bomdila (Grade B), Donyi Polo Govt. College, Kamki (Grade B), and Rang Frah Govt. College, Changeling (Grade C).
There are also trust institutes, like Pali Vidyapith, run by Buddhists. They teach Pali and Khamti scripts in addition to typical education subjects. Khamti is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script. Libraries of scriptures are in a number of places in Lohit district, the largest one being in Chowkham.
The state has two polytechnic institutes: Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic in Itanagar established in 2002 and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar established in 2006. There is one law college called Arunachal Law Academy at Itanagar. The College of Horticulture and Forestry is affiliated to the Central Agricultural University, Imphal.
Concept 1
Inner Line Permit (ILP) is an official travel document issued by the Government of India to allow inward travel of an Indian citizen into a protected area for a limited period
The Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 states that a Protected Area Permit (PAP) is required for non-Indian citizens to visit certain areas in India (mainly in the North-East).[1] Certain requirements have to be fulfilled in order to get this permit. Indian citizens who are not resident in these areas need an Inner Line Permit (ILP) to enter these places. The Inner Line Permit is significantly easier to get.
In addition, the Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order 1968 states that a Restricted Area Permit (RAP) is required for non-Indians to visit certain areas in India. As of 2009, RAP are required for all visits to the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of the state of Sikkim. Unlike PAP, RAP are generally available for individual travellers and can be issued by overseas embassies or even, in some cases such as Port Blair's Vir Savarkar Airport, on the spot. Indian citizens do not need special permission to visit Restricted Areas.
Concept 2
The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected the country's economy and society to a significant degree.
Tribals
Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba, Sherdukpen, Singpho.
National Park
S.No. | Name of Protected Area |
1 | Mouling NP |
2 | Namdapha NP |
Wildlife Sanctuary
S.No. | Name of Protected Area |
1. | D'Ering Memorial (Lali) WLS |
2. | Dibang WLS |
3. | Eagle Nest WLS |
4. | Itanagar WLS |
5. | Kamlang WLS |
6. | Kane WLS |
7. | Mehao WLS |
8. | Pakke (Pakhui) WLS |
9. | Sessa Orchid WLS |
10. | Tale Valley WLS |
11. | Yordi-Rabe Supse WLS |
Passes
Bomdi-La: Arunachal Pradesh-Lhasa
The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. It is located in the east of Bhutan.
Dihang pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay
It is located in the Northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connect Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar (Mandalay)
Diphu pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay
The Diphu pass also provides easy and an alternate route to Myanmar. This pass remains open throughout the year for the transportation and trade.
Likhapani: Arunachal Pradesh- Myanmar
It located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass remains open throughout a year for transport and trade. This connects Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar.
Pangsan Pass
It is located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connects Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar.
Bom Di La | Arunachal Pradesh with Bhutan | · altitude of 4331 m · Situated at an altitude of 4331 m near the western boundary of Arunachal Pradesh in the Greater Himalayas, this pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa |
Dihang Pass | Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar. | · elevation of more than 4000 m it provides passage |
Yonggyap Pass | Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet | |
Dipher Pass | trijunction of India, China and Myanmar | · easy access between Arunachal Pradesh and Mandalay in Myanmar. It is an important land trade route between India and Myanmar and remains open throughout the year. |
Kumjawng Pass | Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar | |
Hpungan Pass | Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar | |
Chankan Pass | Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar |
Rice-Fish culture Practice in Apatani Plateau
The Apatanis practice aquaculture along with rice farming on their plots. Rice - fish culture in the valley is an unique practice in the state, where two crops of rice (Mipya and Emoh) and one crop of fish (Ngihi) are raised together.
Integrating aquaculture with agriculture assures higher productivity and year round employment opportunities for farmers. Organic inputs are used in the plots utilised for rice cum fish culture. Some of the inputs used are poultry dropping (Paro pai), pig excreta (Alyi ekha), cow dung (Sii ekha) and wastes of plants such as rice husks (Piina), ashes from household stoves (Mubu) and remains of burnt straws (Muyu) and decomposed straw (Liisi), weeds (Tamih) and stalks (ankho).
Advantages of this practice
The rice field (Aji) can be utilized for fish culture in the following two ways.
Fishes can be reared from the month of April to September when the paddy crops grow in the field.
The fish culture can also be taken up from the month of November to February after harvesting of paddy crop
Paddy fields with strong bunds are essential for fish culture. Strong bunds (Agher) prevent leakage of water, help retain water to a desired depth and also prevent the escape of cultivated fishes during floods. To support the bunds, bamboo mating is done at the base. Cultivation of millets (sarse) on the bunds is a common practice in Apatani pleteau. Bunds can also be utilised for cultivation of several vegetables, like cauliflower, cabbage, tomatoes, radish, pumpkin, cucumber, beans, brinjals chillies, ginger etc
The channels (Siikho/Parkho/hehte) in the paddy field are used for water management. They are constructed at the middle of the paddy fields in such a way that they divide the paddy field vertically and horizontally. The parkho provides the rearing space for fishes. It also serves as the shelter for fishes during the sunny day. The paddy fields generally have two outlets (hubur) and one inlet. One outlet is used for over flow of water and the other is meant for draining of the water during harvest of paddy and fishes.
Present status
In recent years, insecticides, pesticides, weedicides, and fungicides, many of which even in minute quantities, are highly toxic to aquatic life are being used. In such cases, fish culture is generally taken up during the off season or after harvest of paddy. In paddy cum fish culture, along with common carp, catla, rohu and mirgal are also being cultivated. In this, stocking density is maintained at the rate of 5000 fingerlings/ha. The species constitutions include surface feeders (25%), column feeders (30%) and bottom feeders (45%).
Arunachal Pradesh GI tags
Registered GI: Arunachal Orange
Pending GI: Monpa Wooden Mask
Pending GI: Monpa Wooden Mask
Donyi-Polo (26.2%) (practice Donyi Poloism (worship the Sun God and the Moon God)The Gallongs, the Adis, Apatanis, Nishis of this land of the Rising Sun embrace a religion that eulogises nature. The followers worship the Sun and the Moon - the Donyi Polo, literally meaning the Sun-Moon. Sun, the male energy and the Moon, the female energy, watch over the supreme Gods Bo and Bomang.
Myoko is a celebration of friendship and harmony between various Apatani villages
Festivals
Festivals are an essential part of the socio-cultural life of the people. The festivals having connection with agriculture and celebrated with ritualistic gaiety either to thank God for the providence or to pray for a bumper harvest. Animal sacrifice is a common ritual in most festivals.
Some of the important festivals are :-
Solung of Adis
Losar of Monpas & Sherdukpens
Torgya of Monpas
Dree of Apatanis
Murung of Apatanis
Mopin of Galos
Chalo Loku of Noctes
Si-donyi of Tagins
Nyokum of Nyishis
Reh of Idu Mishmis
1. tribes
2. peaks
3. rivers
4. passes
5. protected areas- NP,WLS
6. gi tags
7. culture- language
8. culture- reigion
9. economy
10.official language- english
No comments:
Post a Comment