PART 6.3 KARNATAKA

• 543 to 753: Badami Chalukya architecture or the Vesara style
• 1000 to 1200: Western Chalukya architecture(Gadag style of architecture)
• 1100 to 1400: Hoysala architecture of the Hoysala Empire
• 1336 to 1648: Vijayanagara architecture of the Vijayanagar Empire
• 1490 to 1686: Islamic architecture of Bijapur Sultanate

Important Badami Chalukya temples[edit]

Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal

Ravana Phadi cave, Aihole

Pattadakal

• Virupaksha Temple (MOST BUILT BY VIJAYANAGARAS)
• Sangameswarar Temple
• Kashivisvanatha Temple (Rashtrakuta)
• Mallikarjuna Temple
• Galganatha Temple
• Kadasiddeshvara Temple
• Jambulinga Temple
• Jain Narayana Temple (Rashtrakuta)
• Papanatha Temple
• Museum of the Plains and Sculpture gallery
• Naganatha Temple
• Chandrashekara
• Mahakuteshwara Temple
• Sun Temple

Aihole

• Lad Khan Temple
• Huchiappayyagudi Temple
• Huchiappayya math
• Durga Temple
• Meguti Jain Temple
• Ravanaphadi Temple
• Gowda Temple
• Museum & Art Gallery
• Suryanarayana Temple

Badami

• Cave 1 (Shiva)
• Cave 2 (Vishnu as Trivikrama or Vamana, Varaha and Krishna)
• Cave 3 (Vishnu as Narasimha, Varaha, Harihara and Trivikrama.)
• Cave 4 (Jain Tirthankara Parsvanatha)
• Bhutanatha group of temples (Badami and Kalyani Chalukya)

Gerusoppa

• Vardhamanaswamy Temple

Sanduru

• Parvati temple

Alampur, Andhra Pradesh

• Navabrahma temples
• Kudavelly Sangameshwara TemplE

Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site^[1][2]is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments.

3.3 Kadasiddheshwara temple
3.4 Jambulingeshwara temple
3.5 Galaganatha Temple
3.6 Chandrashekhara Temple
3.7 Sangameshwara Temple
3.8 Kashi Vishwanatha Temple
3.9 Mallikarjuna Temple
3.10 Virupaksha Temple
3.11 Papanatha temple
JAINS

3.12 Jain Narayana Temple



Aihole (pronounced "Eye-hoé"), also referred to as Aivalli, Ahivolalor Aryapura, is a historic site of ancient and medieval era Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments in north Karnataka (India) dated from the fourth century through the twelfth century

• • 4.1Durga temple complex
  • 4.2Ravana Phadi cave
  • 4.3Hucchappayya matha
  • 4.4Hucchappayya gudi
  • 4.5Ambigergudi temples complex
  • 4.6Jyotirlinga temples complex
  • 4.7Mallikarjuna temples complex
  • 4.8Ramalinga temples group
  • 4.9Veniyar shrines complex
  • 4.10Galaganatha temples group
  • 4.11Maddin temples group
  • 4.12Triyambakeshvara temples group
  • 4.13Kuntigudi complex
  • 4.14Other Gudis
• 5Buddhist monuments
• 6Jain monuments
  • 6.1Meguti hill
    • 6.1.1Meguti Aihole inscription
  • 6.2Jain cave temple
  • 6.3Yoginarayana group
  • 6.4Charanthi matha group
    
    
    Aihole in Karnataka state, India, is known as Cradle of Indian architecture. It was the first capital of Chalukyas where they built numerous temples dating back to the 6th century CE. Many inscriptions found at Aihole, but the inscription which found at Meguti Temple popularly known as Aihole inscription, which has the significance in the history of India, witnessed for the many historical events of Chalukyas. The inscription written in Sanskrit and it is in Kannada script. There is a mention about the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulikeshi II.^[1] And there is a mention about the victory of Chalukyas on Pallavas, also mentioned about the shifting of the capital from Aihole to Badami by Pulikeshi. There is mention about the poet Kalidasa.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Vijayanagara architecture (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ) of 1336–1565CE was a notable building idiom that developed during the rule of the imperial Hindu Vijayanagar Empire. The empire ruled South India, from their regal capital at Vijayanagara, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in modern Karnataka, India. The empire built temples, monuments, palaces and other structures across South India, with a largest concentration in its capital. The monuments in and around Hampi, in the Vijayanagara principality, are listed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.
    
    

    Vijayanagara architecture

    
    

    
    

    
    Vijayanagara architecture can be broadly classified into religious, courtly and civic architecture, as can the associated sculptures and paintings.^[2] The Vijayanagara style is a combination of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles which evolved earlier in the centuries when these empires ruled and is characterised by a return to the simplistic and serene art of the past.^[3]

    
    

    Temple structures[edit]

    Vijayanagara temples are usually surrounded by a strong enclosure.

     Small shrines consist simply of a garbhagriha (sanctum) and a porch. Medium-sized temples have a garbhagriha, shukanasi (antechamber), a navaranga (antrala) connecting the sanctum and outer mandapa (hall), and a rangamantapa(enclosed pillared hall). Large temples have tall Rayagopuram built with wood, brick and stucco in Chola style. The term Raya is added to indicate a gopurabuilt by Vijayanagar Rayas

    (HARIHARA AND BUKKA RAYA)

    
    

    . The top of the gopuram has a shalashikhara resembling a barrel made to rest on its side. 

    Large life-size figures of men, woman, Gods and Goddesses adorn the gopuram. This Tamil dravida-influenced style became popular during the rule of king Krishnadevaraya and is seen in South Indian temples constructed over the next 200 years.^[6] Examples of Rayagopuram are the Chennakesava Temple in Belur and the temples at Srisailam and Srirangam. 

    In addition to these structures, medium-size temples have a closed 

    • circumambulatory (Pradakshinapatha) passage around the sanctum, 

    
    

    • an open mahamantapa (large hall), 

    
    

    • a kalyanamantapa (ceremonial hall) and 

    
    

    • a temple tank to serve the needs of annual celebrations

    
    

    Temple pillars often have engravings of charging horses or hippogryphs (Yali) — horses standing on hind legs with their fore legs lifted and riders on their backs. The horses on some pillars stand seven to eight feet tall. On the other side of the pillar are usually carvings from Hindu mythology.^[8] Pillars that do not have such hippogryphs are generally rectangular with mythology themed decoration on all sides. Some pillars have a cluster of smaller pillars around a central pillar shaft. The bottom supports of these pillars have engravings of Gods and Goddesses. Carvings of hippogryphs clearly show the adroitness of the artists who created them.^[9]

    The Mantapas are built on square or polygonal plinths with carved friezes that are four to five feet high and have ornate stepped entrances on all four sides with miniature elephants or with Yali 
    
    
     Hazara Rama, Balakrishna and Vitthala temples at HampI
    
    
    1. Where is the famous Vijaya Vittala Temple, having its 56 carved pillars emitting musical notes located?
    a) Belur  b) Bhadrachalam
    c)Hampi d) Srirangam
    Explanation----------------------------------------------- 
    The famous Vijaya Vittala Temple, having its 56 carved pillars emitting musical notes, located at Hampi, the capital of Vijaynagar kingdom to the region of Krishnadevaraya.  Krishnadevaraya was regarded as the greatest of all the Vijaynagar rulers.  He built the famous temples of Krishnaswami, Hazara Ramaswami  and Vitthalaswami at Hampi.